- The piece discusses the independence of Mexico from Spain in the 19th century
- It highlights the social hierarchy and discontent in New Spain, leading to a desire for change
- The revolutionary movement was sparked by Miguel Hidalgo, followed by other leaders like José María Morelos y Pavón
- Agustín de Iturbide proposed the Iguala Plan, leading to the Treaty of Córdoba and the recognition of Mexico's independence
- The Mexican Empire was established, but eventually transitioned to a federal republic in 1823

- Spain sent an expedition to Tampico in 1829 to reconquer Mexico
- Mexican forces quickly repelled the invasion, solidifying the country's independence
- This marked the end of Spain's attempts to recover Mexico
- Spain formally recognized Mexico's independence in 1836

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Every great change starts with a spark, a dream, an action.

And today in Memories of Pez we are going to tell you about a story of courage and conviction that lit a nation, the independence of Mexico.

And if you want more, you have a video on our channel about the complex process of independence of Latin America in the 19th century.

Let's locate ourselves on the map before getting into this story.

For this we have to go to New Spain, a vast territory that today not only includes Mexico, but also some parts of the United States and Central America.

In the colonial era, that era of explorers and conquests, New Spain was the place where Spain planted its flag and said, here I rule, establishing 1 of the richest and most powerful viceroyalties of its empire.

But, as in any good novel, the plot ends up getting complicated.

And so that you understand all this, we are going to explain to you how history was at that time and how society was divided in a very rigid caste system.

At the top of the social hierarchy were the peninsulars, who were those Spaniards born in Spain and who had access to the best jobs, lands and privileges.

Just below them were the Criollos, sons of Spaniards, but born in America, who, despite their wealth and education, were seen as second class by the peninsulars.

Yes, they had money and lands, but when it came to getting those positions of power, they found the door closed and the sign of only peninsulars hanging.

Basically, it was a society where your birthplace determined your future more than your talent or your effort.

Imagine the frustration of the Spaniards as well as those who came on a boat but relegated to a background just for the detail of being born on the other side of the Atlantic.

The discontent for the caste system was united to the 1 generated by the bourbon reforms implemented in the 18th century.

These reforms, which were intended to improve colonial administration and increase the income of the crown, negatively affected the population.

On the 1 hand, they included increases in taxes and the restriction of trade to certain ports, which harmed local traders and reduced regional autonomy.

On the other hand, the living conditions of the indigenous and mestizo people became even more complicated.

They often had to face an exploitation and a system of justice that favored those above, And of course, their dissatisfaction was due not only to economic injustices, but also to the desire for respect and recognition of their rights.

And what about the ideas of liberation and equality of the Enlightenment, and the examples of the independence of the United States, or the French Revolution?

Well, indeed, these began to make a media between the intellectuals and the Creole leaders.

These successful revolutions showed them that it was possible to challenge the established order and fight for a more equitable society.

Thus, for the early 19th century, the mixture of social inequality, economic restrictions and the flow of new political ideas created in New Spain an atmosphere well charged with discontent and desire for change.

That lived in Spain in 1808, also introduced New Spain into a deep political crisis.

And it is that the abdications of Charles IV and Fernando VII in favor of Napoleon, who in turn appointed king to his brother José Bonaparte, unleashed a debate about the legitimacy of colonial power.

As a response, the City Council of Mexico, backed by the Viceroy José de Iturrigaray, tried to assume sovereignty in the absence of the Spanish throne, which triggered a coup that overthrew the viceroy and imprisoned the leaders of the movement.

A clear example was the conspiration of Valladolid, now Morelia, in 1809.

Although this attempt to challenge the colonial order was quickly suffocated and with its imprisoned conspirators, it served to demonstrate that discontent and the desire for independence spread beyond Mexico City, feeding the revolutionary spirit.

The spark of the revolution was lit, and it burned with the cry of pain in 1810, led by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.

Miguel Hidalgo was a priest with revolutionary ideas and a deep desire for social justice.

Hidalgo, who had studied and was influenced by the aforementioned ideas of the Enlightenment, saw the discontent among his fellow Churches and decided to act.

The early morning of September 16, 1810, in his parish in the small town of Dolores, Hidalgo summoned people not for a call to mass, but for the foreword of a revolution.

His idea was a declaration of war against the colonial system that had oppressed so many for centuries.

The response was immediate and overwhelming.

Thousands of indigenous people, mestizos, criollos and even some peninsulars who shared the discontent joined under the flag of Hidalgo.

This heterogeneous group of rebels, although mostly disorganized and poorly armed, shared a common goal, the independence of Mexico and the end of the oppression, but 1.

The brutal repression by the Spanish colonial forces, which had better training and weapons, frustrated the intent.

All this led to the capture and execution of Hidalgo in July 1811.

Although his death was a devastating blow for the revolutionary movement, the flame that lit with the cry of pain did not extinguish, but inspired other leaders.

José María Morelos y Pavón, another priest, took the reins and succeeded Hidalgo.

Morelos was a crack in military tactics and a leader with great charisma.

Among his most emblematic victories is the taking of Oaxaca, 1 of the largest economic and military centers, and the siege and capture of the port of Acapulco in 1813, which led them to take control of the sea routes, giving an important blow to the Spanish colonial economy.

With Morelos in command, the Congress of Chilpancingo was convened in 1813.

In this Congress, the document known as the Feelings of the Nation was written, where Morelos exposed his ideals of equality and justice and formally declared the independence of Mexico from Spain.

This action, although symbolic, given the military situation at that time, marked a before and an after in the path for New Spain to become independent.

In 1815 Morelos was captured by the Royalist forces, as did Hidalgo, and was also executed.

The rebellion, after Morelos' death, did not stop.

Other prominent figures, such as Vicente Guerrero and Guadalupe Victoria, did not cease in their independence-loving desire, and were rewarded with the use of guerrilla tactics.

These strategies, although they did not translate into decisive military victories, managed to frustrate any attempt to reaffirm Spanish control.

A prominent example of these tactics can be found in the Battle of the Veladero, in 1819, near Acapulco.

Although it was not a great victory in terms of territorial conquest, it did demonstrate the ability of the rebel forces to inflict significant damage to the royalists and keep alive the flame of independence.

On the other hand, this period was marked by the economic and human wear and tear of both sides.

The Spanish crown, which had its own culebrón with conflicts everywhere, in other parts of his empire and in Europe, he began to see great difficulties to maintain control over his American colonies.

In the midst of this mess, the idea of ​​sitting down to talk and reach an agreement began to gain strength among some sectors, both on the side of those who wanted independence and on the side of those who did not.

This context laid the foundations for the appearance of Agustín de Iturbide, a Creole who initially fought to crush the rebellion in the name of Spain.

Iturbide, recognizing both the wear and tear of the war and its own change in political sentiment, proposed the Iguala Plan in 1821.

This plan proposed a way out of the conflict through 3 promises.

The Catholic religion as the main religion.

Against this expectation, Iturbide allied himself with Vicente Guerrero, 1 of the toughest insurgent leaders, to make this proposal come true.

The signing of the Treaty of Córdoba in August 1821, which ratified the Iguala Plan, marked the end of the war of independence.

This treaty established the foundations for a peaceful transition towards independence and confirmed the principles of the Iguala Plan.

You know, the independence of Mexico was recognized under the promise of maintaining the Catholic faith as the official religion of the new state.

The equality of all the inhabitants before the law should be ensured, and the nation would be united under a constitutional monarchy led by a Mexican emperor, or by default a European prince.

The last Spanish viceroy in Mexico, Juan O'Donoghue, had to accept these terms, thus closing a chapter of more than 300 years of colonial dominance.

And if you wonder why, the answer is very simple.

The weakening of Spanish control over its colonies, aggravated by its internal conflicts, wars in Europe, the high economic and military cost of maintaining the struggle in America, along with the solid support that Yturbide had obtained in Mexico.

All This was what made the Viceroy convinced himself that negotiating independence was the most sensible way to maintain stability in the region.

Iturbide's triumphal entry with the Trigarante army to Mexico City on September 27, 1821, symbolized the beginning of a new era for Mexico.

New Spain became the Mexican Empire, an empire ruled by Emperor Agustín de Iturbide, which the truth is that it would not last long.

After another revolution, Iturbide would be forced to abdicate and leave exile in Europe, leaving Mexico without a strong central government.

This system would give way to a federal republic in 1823.

In 1824 the constitution is enacted and Guadalupe Victoria becomes the first president of Mexico.

Thus, little by little, Mexico is collecting international recognition from different countries, such as the United Kingdom and the United States, which recognized Mexico in 1825.

In a last attempt to reconquer Mexico, Spain sends an expedition to Tampico in 1829.

The rapid response of the Mexican forces repelled the invasion, consolidating the country's independence.

This failure marked the end of Spain's attempts to recover Mexico, although the formal recognition of independence by Spain would not reach 1836.

For the rest, a greeting and until next time!


Speaker 0: Every great change starts with a spark, a dream, an action. And today in Memories of Pez we are going to tell you about a story of courage and conviction that lit a nation, the independence of Mexico. And if you want more, you have a video on our channel about the complex process of independence of Latin America in the 19th century. Let's locate ourselves on the map before getting into this story. For this we have to go to New Spain, a vast territory that today not only includes Mexico, but also some parts of the United States and Central America.

In the colonial era, that era of explorers and conquests, New Spain was the place where Spain planted its flag and said, here I rule, establishing 1 of the richest and most powerful viceroyalties of its empire. But, as in any good novel, the plot ends up getting complicated. And so that you understand all this, we are going to explain to you how history was at that time and how society was divided in a very rigid caste system. At the top of the social hierarchy were the peninsulars, who were those Spaniards born in Spain and who had access to the best jobs, lands and privileges. Just below them were the Criollos, sons of Spaniards, but born in America, who, despite their wealth and education, were seen as second class by the peninsulars.

Yes, they had money and lands, but when it came to getting those positions of power, they found the door closed and the sign of only peninsulars hanging. Basically, it was a society where your birthplace determined your future more than your talent or your effort. Not like now, right? Imagine the frustration of the Spaniards as well as those who came on a boat but relegated to a background just for the detail of being born on the other side of the Atlantic. The discontent for the caste system was united to the 1 generated by the bourbon reforms implemented in the 18th century.

These reforms, which were intended to improve colonial administration and increase the income of the crown, negatively affected the population. On the 1 hand, they included increases in taxes and the restriction of trade to certain ports, which harmed local traders and reduced regional autonomy. On the other hand, the living conditions of the indigenous and mestizo people became even more complicated. They often had to face an exploitation and a system of justice that favored those above, And of course, their dissatisfaction was due not only to economic injustices, but also to the desire for respect and recognition of their rights. And what about the ideas of liberation and equality of the Enlightenment, and the examples of the independence of the United States, or the French Revolution?

Well, indeed, these began to make a media between the intellectuals and the Creole leaders. These successful revolutions showed them that it was possible to challenge the established order and fight for a more equitable society. Thus, for the early 19th century, the mixture of social inequality, economic restrictions and the flow of new political ideas created in New Spain an atmosphere well charged with discontent and desire for change. That lived in Spain in 1808, also introduced New Spain into a deep political crisis. And it is that the abdications of Charles IV and Fernando VII in favor of Napoleon, who in turn appointed king to his brother José Bonaparte, unleashed a debate about the legitimacy of colonial power.

As a response, the City Council of Mexico, backed by the Viceroy José de Iturrigaray, tried to assume sovereignty in the absence of the Spanish throne, which triggered a coup that overthrew the viceroy and imprisoned the leaders of the movement. The desire for change was evident. A clear example was the conspiration of Valladolid, now Morelia, in 1809. Although this attempt to challenge the colonial order was quickly suffocated and with its imprisoned conspirators, it served to demonstrate that discontent and the desire for independence spread beyond Mexico City, feeding the revolutionary spirit. The spark of the revolution was lit, and it burned with the cry of pain in 1810, led by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.

Miguel Hidalgo was a priest with revolutionary ideas and a deep desire for social justice. Hidalgo, who had studied and was influenced by the aforementioned ideas of the Enlightenment, saw the discontent among his fellow Churches and decided to act. The early morning of September 16, 1810, in his parish in the small town of Dolores, Hidalgo summoned people not for a call to mass, but for the foreword of a revolution. His idea was a declaration of war against the colonial system that had oppressed so many for centuries. The response was immediate and overwhelming.

Thousands of indigenous people, mestizos, criollos and even some peninsulars who shared the discontent joined under the flag of Hidalgo. This heterogeneous group of rebels, although mostly disorganized and poorly armed, shared a common goal, the independence of Mexico and the end of the oppression, but 1. The lack of a clear military strategy 2. The internal divisions and 3. The brutal repression by the Spanish colonial forces, which had better training and weapons, frustrated the intent.

All this led to the capture and execution of Hidalgo in July 1811. Although his death was a devastating blow for the revolutionary movement, the flame that lit with the cry of pain did not extinguish, but inspired other leaders. José María Morelos y Pavón, another priest, took the reins and succeeded Hidalgo. Morelos was a crack in military tactics and a leader with great charisma. Among his most emblematic victories is the taking of Oaxaca, 1 of the largest economic and military centers, and the siege and capture of the port of Acapulco in 1813, which led them to take control of the sea routes, giving an important blow to the Spanish colonial economy.

With Morelos in command, the Congress of Chilpancingo was convened in 1813. In this Congress, the document known as the Feelings of the Nation was written, where Morelos exposed his ideals of equality and justice and formally declared the independence of Mexico from Spain. This action, although symbolic, given the military situation at that time, marked a before and an after in the path for New Spain to become independent. In 1815 Morelos was captured by the Royalist forces, as did Hidalgo, and was also executed. The rebellion, after Morelos' death, did not stop.

Other prominent figures, such as Vicente Guerrero and Guadalupe Victoria, did not cease in their independence-loving desire, and were rewarded with the use of guerrilla tactics. These strategies, although they did not translate into decisive military victories, managed to frustrate any attempt to reaffirm Spanish control. A prominent example of these tactics can be found in the Battle of the Veladero, in 1819, near Acapulco. Although it was not a great victory in terms of territorial conquest, it did demonstrate the ability of the rebel forces to inflict significant damage to the royalists and keep alive the flame of independence. On the other hand, this period was marked by the economic and human wear and tear of both sides.

The Spanish crown, which had its own culebrón with conflicts everywhere, in other parts of his empire and in Europe, he began to see great difficulties to maintain control over his American colonies. In the midst of this mess, the idea of ​​sitting down to talk and reach an agreement began to gain strength among some sectors, both on the side of those who wanted independence and on the side of those who did not. This context laid the foundations for the appearance of Agustín de Iturbide, a Creole who initially fought to crush the rebellion in the name of Spain. Iturbide, recognizing both the wear and tear of the war and its own change in political sentiment, proposed the Iguala Plan in 1821. This plan proposed a way out of the conflict through 3 promises.

1. The independence of Mexico. 2. The Catholic religion as the main religion. 3.

The union of all social groups. Against this expectation, Iturbide allied himself with Vicente Guerrero, 1 of the toughest insurgent leaders, to make this proposal come true. The signing of the Treaty of Córdoba in August 1821, which ratified the Iguala Plan, marked the end of the war of independence. This treaty established the foundations for a peaceful transition towards independence and confirmed the principles of the Iguala Plan. You know, the independence of Mexico was recognized under the promise of maintaining the Catholic faith as the official religion of the new state.

The equality of all the inhabitants before the law should be ensured, and the nation would be united under a constitutional monarchy led by a Mexican emperor, or by default a European prince. The last Spanish viceroy in Mexico, Juan O'Donoghue, had to accept these terms, thus closing a chapter of more than 300 years of colonial dominance. And if you wonder why, the answer is very simple. We have already mentioned all the keys. The weakening of Spanish control over its colonies, aggravated by its internal conflicts, wars in Europe, the high economic and military cost of maintaining the struggle in America, along with the solid support that Yturbide had obtained in Mexico.

All This was what made the Viceroy convinced himself that negotiating independence was the most sensible way to maintain stability in the region. Iturbide's triumphal entry with the Trigarante army to Mexico City on September 27, 1821, symbolized the beginning of a new era for Mexico. New Spain became the Mexican Empire, an empire ruled by Emperor Agustín de Iturbide, which the truth is that it would not last long. After another revolution, Iturbide would be forced to abdicate and leave exile in Europe, leaving Mexico without a strong central government. This system would give way to a federal republic in 1823.

In 1824 the constitution is enacted and Guadalupe Victoria becomes the first president of Mexico. Thus, little by little, Mexico is collecting international recognition from different countries, such as the United Kingdom and the United States, which recognized Mexico in 1825. In a last attempt to reconquer Mexico, Spain sends an expedition to Tampico in 1829. The rapid response of the Mexican forces repelled the invasion, consolidating the country's independence. This failure marked the end of Spain's attempts to recover Mexico, although the formal recognition of independence by Spain would not reach 1836.

And science. For the rest, a greeting and until next time!

See all Memorias de Pez transcripts on Youtube

✅La INDEPENDENCIA de MÉXICO en 10 minutos | ¿Cómo se independizó del IMPERIO ESPAÑOL?